I didn't see the beginning of this thread, but eddys as air flows over a rapid change in cross section of a pipe are a common and relatively well understood phenomena - both going from large to small and small to large, in both cases eddy's form at the end of the larger piece of pipe. This vastly increases the overall back pressure in the pipe. The solution is to make sure the cross section doesn't change abruptly by graduating the change over a distance. regards alex rice -- http://www.piclist.com#nomail Going offline? Don't AutoReply us! email listserv@mitvma.mit.edu with SET PICList DIGEST in the body