> >Seriously, that's how I remember that Vdd is positive. You can just remember it, or understand it. Eletricity is "made" of electrons. These have negative charge. The real "flow" of electricity is from negative to positive - the side who has more electrons, give them for the side that has less electrons. Vdd means Voltage Drain, and Vss means Voltage Source Understanding the "real" (e.g.: Physical) flow of electricity, you understand these terms in a moment! Voltage drain (positive) gets electrons from the Voltage source (negative) Hope it helps ;o) --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.514 / Virus Database: 312 - Release Date: 28/08/03 -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The list server can filter out subtopics (like ads or off topics) for you. See http://www.piclist.com/#topics