At 02:06 AM 9/1/2003 -0500, you wrote: >In the second circuit, I would think that the emitter serves/acts as a diode >when the transistor is on, so that another diode at the emitter is not >required. I do realize that the proper diode behaviour is achieved in the >B-E junction of the transistor, but thought that the C-E junction is somewhat >unidirectional as well. This is a bad design as you're counting on the reverse beta of the transistor to be very low, which it may not be. BJTs work similarly when E and C are reversed, just with low beta (and low "collector"-base breakdown voltage, and high base-"emitter" breakdown). The base current, multiplied by the reverse beta forms a current sink shunting the switch, so it's quite likely marginal, depending on the part values and so on. Put the diode in- the voltage drop across the BJT will only be 100mV or less if it's properly saturated, so you're still laughing like a hyena compared to the guaranteed TTL input levels with Vdd=5V. With that addition I don't see anything wrong with the circuit. Best regards, Spehro Pefhany --"it's the network..." "The Journey is the reward" speff@interlog.com Info for manufacturers: http://www.trexon.com Embedded software/hardware/analog Info for designers: http://www.speff.com -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.