While a transducer may be more efficient with a sine wave, it's not obvious to me that the overall system will be more efficient if you go to the effort of generating a sine wave. Generating a sine wave from digital electronics means throwing away energy to get your analog levels, and if you want to amplify that, you have to go to inefficient linear amplifiers instead of nice clean digital switchs, and you throw away more power. I don't suppose anyone has any actual data on this sort of thing? Sound output power (on a sound meter) vs overall current consumption, for instance? (of course, class D amplifiers are all the rage now, because of their better efficiency. I guess these are equivilent to a switching regulator with fast response to an external control voltage, right?) BillW -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.