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I had a need to produce 10-15V at 20mA or so from a single AA battery, or
maybe two at most.  This is significant power for an AA cell, so
efficiency is important.  This means it would be desirable to have a FET
switching the inductor, but that is impossible to do efficiently on just
1V.  I also wanted a PIC in there to do a few smart things in dealing with
the battery and the load.

Of course a PIC won't run at 1V either, so the strategy was to have a dumb
circuit create 4-5V or so with minimal current draw, which provides just
enough power to do the smart things with the real (and much higher power)
load.

To this end, I came up with a circuit that uses only cheap off the shelf
parts, and can run a 12F629 on its internal oscillator from less than 1V.
The output voltage is high enough to allow switching the FET gate for the
high power boost regulator directly from a PIC pin.  The remaining smarts
related to the high power load are implemented in the PIC firmware, and
aren't relevant in this discussion.

I thought the dumb low voltage boost regulator might be useful in general,
so I put the schematic at http://www.embedinc.com/pic/lvboost.pdf.  I know
this looks like a lot of parts, but if you look carefully you will see
they are all of the cheap jellybean variety.  The most expensive component
is L1, which is available from Coilcraft (RFB0810-151) for $.64 in single
quantities.  The total parts cost is about $1.75 if buying hobby
quantities from Jameco, obviously less for real manufacturing volume.

I have also attached two plots that show the performance with 1Kohm and
470ohm loads as a function of input voltage.  A bare 12F629 running from
its internal 4MHz oscillator never presents less than a 1Kohm load worst
case over the full temperature and voltage range.  The typical at room
temperature is *much* higher.

The efficiency is about 2/3 over the desired range.  That's a bit low for
switching power supply standards, but not bad at all when you consider
that the input voltage is only a little more than the voltage drop of a
silicon junction.  Also, most of the battery power will go to the real
load, so the 50% extra required to run the PIC isn't all that significant.
This regulator is also well behaved in that the efficiency stays near its
maximum over wide input voltage and load ranges.  With no load, input
current is under 1.5mA at .85 to 1.0V input with over 4.5V output.

THEORY OF OPERATION

The rest of this message discusses how this circuit works with some
suggestions how to customize it for particular applications.

Q1, Q2, and Q6 form a low power free running oscillator.  Cap C3 charges
up thru R3 until Q2 turns on.  This turns on Q6, which turns on Q1, which
discharges C3 to start the cycle all over again.  C4 and R4 provide
positive feedback so that Q6 switches on and off a little more abruptly,
although that is a minor effect with these particular values.  Q3, Q7, and
Q4 amplify the pulse from Q6 and sharpen its edges.  C6 provides some more
positive feedback which sharpens the edges of the pulse a little more.  By
the time the pulse reaches Q4, it can sink substantial collector current
when the pulse is on.  This charges up L1 during the pulse, and causes the
energy in L1 to dump via D1 into C5 when the pulse ends and Q4 is abruptly
turned off.  R13, R14, and Q5 provide the output voltage regulation.  R13
and R14 are a voltage divider to turn on Q5 when the output reaches the
desired value.  When Q5 is on, further pulses are inhibited by holding C3
discharged.  The B-E voltage drop of Q5 is used as the reference voltage
to regulate the output.  This is not very accurate and dependent on
temperature, but good enough for this particular purpose.

The pulses are about 20uS long with these values.  When Q5 stays off, the
switching frequency is about 20KHz.  As the output voltage rises and
becomes regulated, the time between pulses is stretched.  With no load,
the switching frequency drops to a few Hertz.

You can see this working in both plots.  Initially the input current and
output voltage rise sharply as the input voltage is increased.  In this
region, the output voltage is below the desired threshold and pulse occur
at the maximum rate.  The time between pulses stretches out once the
output voltage becomes regulated.  At this point, the output voltage
flattens out and the input current starts to go down at the same time.
The peak of the input current curve therefore identifies the start of
output voltage regulation.

An important attribute of this circuit is that almost all active
components are off between pulses.  All current during that time flows
thru R3 and R13, which in this case are both 100Kohm resistors.

R13, R14, and Q5 are a very cheap but low quality regulation circuit.  The
output voltage could be made considerably stiffer and more accurate with a
more elaborate circuit using a real voltage reference.

The pulse duration can be changed by adjusting R4 and C4, and the free run
frequency is largely a function of R3 and C3.

--
http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different
ways.  See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.



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