> How 1.6KHz was obtained from 10K and 0.01uF ? ( what the formula ) The rolloff frequency (-3dB point) of a single pole R/C filter is F = 1 / (2Pi * R * C) where F is the frequency in hertz, R the resistance in ohms, and C the capacitance in farads. This also means that F * R * C = 1 / 2Pi This is such a handy formula that I keep 1,000,000 / 2Pi = 159,155 permanently in register 7 of my calculator. I can start with the register 7 value and divide it by any two of the frequency in herz, the resistance in ohms, or the capacitance in microfarads to get the third value. Very handy. ***************************************************************** Embed Inc, embedded system specialists in Littleton Massachusetts (978) 742-9014, http://www.embedinc.com -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu