Batteries were first. One might ask why logic chips weren't developed to operate on convenient multiples of "typical" battery voltages. Of course, early logic was so power hungry that batteries were pretty much out of the question (and battery tech sucked back then, too.) On the other hand, I can't for the life of me figure out why modern logic families have such "odd" voltages (3.3V instead of 3, 1.8V ?!) BillW -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads