Superb resource for calculation of heat flow in a zillion applications. Applicable to electronics and rocketry (at least). Online calculators plus underlying theory plus information from several different solution providers. http://www.coolingzone.com/index.html From main menu click on Design Corner menu item to get solutions for 4 providers viz http://www.coolingzone.com/Content/DesignCorner/index.html One contributor has an encouraging 19 part series "Everything you know is wrong" - all on thermal issues. eg here's one on free air heat transfer from ICs to give an idea http://www.coolingzone.com/Guest/News/NL_APR_2002/Tony/Apr_2002_TK.html Note the application notes, tutorials and case studies ------------------------- Site found by Googling to see of my heatsink design was adequate. It wasn't. -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads