At 05:50 PM 2/3/2003 +1100, you wrote: >My apologies, I just looked up the graph and you are >correct; at minute currents the PIC output pins will >approach 0v and 5v. Since I always drive outputs at >least a few mA I was used to the sat voltage gap. No problem. It's a common characteristic of all CMOS outputs. The nice thing is that you can get a fairly precise DC voltage with just a passive filter on a PIC's PWM output pin. Even better if you buffer it with a cheap CMOS inverter running off a separate reference supply. Best regards, Spehro Pefhany --"it's the network..." "The Journey is the reward" speff@interlog.com Info for manufacturers: http://www.trexon.com Embedded software/hardware/analog Info for designers: http://www.speff.com -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.