On Sun, 19 Jan 2003, John Pearson wrote: ... > Equation Bernoulli. BUT you have to measure very close to the reduction, or allow for pipe loss, which is a non-linear problem. You can avoid turbulence by using a capilary connection to the main pipe. One meter of capilary will make it very quiet even if at the other end you have a rocket engine (beware of the time constant if this is in a closed loop). Peter -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu