Not a mathematician, but a fuzzy logic program is essentially a state machine that has 'hidden' state storage cells. F.ex. a PID servo output would depent only on input value and feedback. A fuzzy PID servo would also remember the last direction reversal and use a different gain for the D term immediately after it. This would make it able to handle gear backlash while having a high D term in normal operation, without settling oscillations. This is just an example and it may not be so good. Peter -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The list server can filter out subtopics (like ads or off topics) for you. See http://www.piclist.com/#topics