> > the safest way is to use an opto-coupler. > > > > I have vast experience in this field (dimmers in professional > > lighting field) and if you only knew what comes down those > > AC lines...... you'd use an opto too. Has anyone ever seen the sparks that fly from the plug when un-plugging their shop-vac from the mains w/o using the normal On/Off power switch? (As my power switch died some ten years ago - this is the technique I have been since to 'switch' my shop- vac on and off.) THESE are the kinds of transients that your circuits, intended for public use, need to be 'tested' against (at the least I would think!). I would be interested to see how these direct-interface circuits fare when used (and tested) on the main's line as a shop-vac is switched "on and off" a few times ... RF Jim -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu