One last tid-bit seemed applicable from the chapter on "Transmission and Distribution Systems", Pg 1061: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 189. Grounded secondaries. To protect life and property in case a primary circuit becomes crossed with a secondary, it is very important that the secondary be grounded. This is preferably done by connecting the secondary circuit to water pipes where these are accessible. Where the ground must be made outdoors, the most practicable method is to drive a galvanized iron pipe into the ground to a depth of about 8 ft. The points to be grounded in various kinds of secondary mains are indicated in Fig. 52. 190. The grounding of secondaries up to 150 volts has been re-quired by the National Electrical Code since 1913. There is some doubt as to the advisability of grounding secondaries when the difference of potential between any wire and ground is higher than 250 volts, owing to the possibility that shocks from such a system may prove fatal. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Primaries crossing with secondaries continues even to this day - - I recall an article in PC Magazine (I think it was) where one of the authors suffered utter destruction of most of the operating-at-the-time appliances (including his PC). It was attributed to a 'power distribution transformer primary-secondary shorting event' ... RF Jim -- http://www.piclist.com#nomail Going offline? Don't AutoReply us! email listserv@mitvma.mit.edu with SET PICList DIGEST in the body