I think I'll get this framed! It would have saved me hours/days a few years ago when I was struggling with RS232 comms. problems. My only concern is that I have seen RS232 connectors with pins fitted referred to as FEMALE because the shell is a socket! (Just to add to the confusion). Richard P Sorry this is late; I wanted to run it by another engineer as a double- check, but I'm so busy lately, I guess I'll just post what I drafted... ===snip=== Implementing RS232 is easy to get working just well enough that you have no idea how far you actually are from the spec. Cabling, voltage, and flow-control misunderstanding plague most new designs. When building any serial device, the first things you should do before you design or do anything else (and forgive me if you've already done these) are, in this order: 1. Familiarize yourself with the normal, 25-pin, RS-232 signalling set. (Also, familiarize yourself with the "spec" voltage levels, although you will rapidly find that people have a wide range of "interpretations" of them...) Snip.... -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads