No calculations , no technical values! If the lamp is prewarmed at (say ) 10% of its rated voltage then the stress on the filament will be reduced when full or higher voltage is applied thus lengthening the life of the lamp? But to what extent of the manufacturers rated life? Technical calculations could be made as to how much the filament "coil" would expand and contract at various absolute voltages and the type of metal/s used for the filament. Maybe after x thousand cycles the filament would fail due to expansion/ contraction fatigue (along with heat fatigue ) at whatever temperature/waveform and frequency is presented to the filament. A Squarewave would provide the harshest environment for an incandescent lamp 0 to X volts in a minimum time- Just look at the filament! snake in a tube! Regards Kevin -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.