From my experience with these units (ones made by Gallagher in Hamilton NZ) in the field (literally) it doesn't appear that there is compensation for line conditions - the voltage of the pulses would vary depending on a whole range of things. Anything from 8 kV to 3 kV The amount of grass on the fence, whether or not it was dry, the moisture in the soil (to make these systems more efficient you need to run an earth out as well as the hot wire, using each y-standard as a ground spike) The one the family farm used (and was bitten by a few times) ran maybe 10 - 20 km of wire? ALL modern NZ electric fences, and also ones made "long tme since", have to comply to a strict standard. This specifies, amongst other things, peak voltage deliverable and probably also peak energy deliverable. Regulation is (or was) achieved by two (maybe 3?) parallel banks of VDRs which allow a flat topped response as load varies. Your Gallagher should have this inside if made in the last 20 years plus. The reason for the multiple banks of VDR in parallel is that in testing they can open or short circuit various components and the device must fail safe or keep working OK. . Bill Gallagher allegedly invented the electric fence in the 1930s to keep his horse from scratching his car but no doubt it was a case of "steam engine time". Regardless - it made him and his descendants rich. RM -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads