Sorry the topic tag got dropped on the first reply Hi Russell Assume that money will have to be spent on buying the relevant test equipment. 2. Assume the toasters have a steel enclosure connected to ground/earth Possible solution? Here goes nothing Introduce a signal to the Live or Neutral (Needle probes) Check for induced signal on ground plug pin. If one of the supply line is connected to the element more coupling to toaster case! I don't know how strong the coupling will be within the cable itself or even if this is at all remotely possible. Worth a laugh though YOU are asked for a better (faster, cheaper etc) way of doing this test. What do you propose? Russell McMahon. PS - I have absolutely no official or pecuniary involvement with domestic toasters :-) -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu