Russell McMahon wrote, in part: >- Mean current flow into any circuit node is zero i.e. TOTAL current flow >- The sum of potentials around a closed loop equals zero As a physics note, the first is equivalent to the physical principle of conservation of charge (if it weren't true, charge would have to be created or destroyed, or at least build up (which would rule out steady-state behavior), at the node). The second is equivalent to conservation of energy, if you just remember the basic definition of electric potential: it is the potential energy per unit charge. Michael V Thank you for reading my little posting. _________________________________________________________________ Send and receive Hotmail on your mobile device: http://mobile.msn.com -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu