> I guess the question is:
>
> I would use a capacitor when (or if) . . .
>
> I would use a resistor when (or if ) . . .

You can't really make that generalisation. The examples
below may depend on whether you are working with AC or DC

Resistors limit current and drop voltage in AC - but so can
capacitors

Filters / integrators and other frequency-dependent functions
will/can be a combination of R and C

Both R and C can be used as voltage dividers

*** Present a practical problem to get specific advice ***

> > You use capacitors to filter, decouple, integrate,
> > differentiate and other stuff.

> > You use resistors to drop voltage, limit current,
> > make heat and other stuff.

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