On Sun, 16 Sep 2001, David J Binnington wrote: > Can anybody give me a kick start with this? David, You can re-write your equation like: Z = 10*lg(x^2 + y^2) = 10*lg(x^2 * ( 1 + (y/x)^2)) = 20*lg(x) + 10 * lg( 1 + (y/x)^2) let v = 1+(y/x)^2 Z = 20*lg(x) + 10*lg(v) I'd factor it this way if x is greater than y. If y is larger, then factor it out instead. Does that help? Scott -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.