At 11:28 AM 8/7/01 -0500, you wrote: >Something else that needs to be said here. > >Those protection diodes dump to VCC. >Your VCC rail needs to be able to deal with that. Good point. Unstated in my described test circuit was a 180 ohm 1/4W resistor to sink 27mA to allow current to flow into Vdd without increasing the voltage. Pretty much *all* regulators behave this way. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Spehro Pefhany --"it's the network..." "The Journey is the reward" speff@interlog.com Info for manufacturers: http://www.trexon.com Embedded software/hardware/analog Info for designers: http://www.speff.com Contributions invited->The AVR-gcc FAQ is at: http://www.bluecollarlinux.com =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.