At 05:32 PM 8/7/01 +1000, you wrote: >PS. Based on their max 20mA spec, and your measured >0.887v, Microchip seem to be speccing the clamp diodes >at max of 18mW... Death to the infidels. ;o) Remember that the diodes may work perfectly at 20mA and at 100mA, BUT the current injected due to the diode action can trigger the BIG PARASITIC SUICIDE SCR (tm) that lives inside every PIC (connected from Vdd to Vss) just _waiting_ for a "gate" pulse to cause it to TURN ON AND KILL THE PIC (sufficient power supply current being available). This is the reason not to exceed the data sheet limits (and de BIG PARASITIC SUICIDE SCR, he like to turn on even better when it be hot, hot, hot*). Microchip have done a fine job in guaranteeing the 20mA minimum current, IMHO, early CMOS circuits would practically do this if you looked at them sideways too hard. * Caribana weekend, mon. Best regards, =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Spehro Pefhany --"it's the network..." "The Journey is the reward" speff@interlog.com Info for manufacturers: http://www.trexon.com Embedded software/hardware/analog Info for designers: http://www.speff.com Contributions invited->The AVR-gcc FAQ is at: http://www.bluecollarlinux.com =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.