>   the problem is that how to calculate the actual value of the A/D
readings,
> for example :
>  I am reading the voltage on a specific pin by using the A/D(10 bits) ,but
> the value in these 10 bits are not the actual value of the applied voltage
> so who can I converet it to the real value,

The 10 bit A/D value will map linearly to the voltage range, so 0 represents
0V and 1023 represents 5V (assuming you are using the supply as the
reference).  The rest is just a scale factor.


********************************************************************
Olin Lathrop, embedded systems consultant in Littleton Massachusetts
(978) 742-9014, olin@embedinc.com, http://www.embedinc.com

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