I rarely contribute to this forum but I love the winding road that comes out of the various topics discussed. Although an engineer by schooling I have not been doing much engineering in my career. As my skills get rusty it is fun to read the stuff on this site. As for the injected DC with a diode on a light bulb, I just remember reading about it in an electronics magazine one time. It is interested to not how many products now days are using the reactance of a capacitor to drop AC down and then rectify it. Most motion sensor lights use this circuit. In school we were always taught that you always had to use a transformer for isolation and safety. I guess with the pressure on price now this is not always to rule of thumb. BTW, are there any ramifications with a diode on the AC mains. When you look at all the other sources of dirt on the AC mains, is this really of importance? An 'off-line' switcher (like in a computer), which is driven directly off the AC line will still have a higher frequency transformer in it, and will almost always contain a full wave rectifier on the incoming A/C power. This removes any DC component from the load the switcher presents to the house mains. Bo > -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The list server can filter out subtopics (like ads or off topics) for you. See http://www.piclist.com/#topics -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The list server can filter out subtopics (like ads or off topics) for you. See http://www.piclist.com/#topics