Dale Botkin wrote... >But what point would there be to limiting the current to 2A or more? I = know >that would produce little black craters where LEDs used to be. The >objections I'm hearing raised are of the "what happens when your crystal >stops oscillating and one column of LEDs gets stuck on?" variety. And for those objections, Brent Brown's solution is a very elegant one. What I've been talking about is a separate problem: in normal operation, you are relying on maximum transistor beta to limit current and protect your circuit. In my experience this is not reliable, and unless you provide some sort of current limiting- whether on an individual basis for each LED, or by row, or by column or for the array as a whole- you are inviting trouble down the line when your design goes into production. Dave -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads