On Thu, 22 Feb 2001, Simon Nield wrote: > do remember that PID control is only a bodge really anyway - it saves you having to analyse the > system you are trying to control and model its transfer function 'classically' - but it's a bodge > (aka "engineering approximation") that is very often perfectly sufficient for the "real world" job > (as opposed to the first year control systems course where they will have you think that you need to > analyse every system individually and then design a custom controller... still at least it provides > a bit of background to the discovery later on that in fact 'almost everyone' just buys PID > controller units and has a the manufacturer tune it for them) I don't know who is the teacher at your control systems course but it has damn right ! You can't find an universal solution just using an excellent ( and epensive too ) controller. Just a simple example in heating process: if you must keep at desired value the temperature inside a small oven ( let say 1000C at 2KW ) and you must use an on-off command for power supply, you may have the best controller in the world, if you don't correlate the oven resistor value with your temperature requirements and mains value ! With other words if you're not able to dimension well the resistor you'll need an expensive proportional controller to achieve the same +/- 2 C fluctuation like using a cheap relay and a simple comparator. ( or a 12C509 to be in topics...) dictionar: C = Celcius degree Regards, Vasile -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The list server can filter out subtopics (like ads or off topics) for you. See http://www.piclist.com/#topics