Roman, I find your 'real-world' experience to be invaluable, and I often apply lessons learned from you. Re: this input protection thread, I want you to know that what I really looking for is the underlying 'why' and 'how', rather than just a 'never'. Many designs are highly cost-limited, and adding a zener could make a big difference. As I am sure you know, any sort of life-cycle cost analysis requires understanding the relative costs of prevention and cure, and the latter depends on failure rate. With a low-enough failure rate almost any prevention expenditure is a waste of money. Keep up the good work! Bob Ammerman RAm Systems (contract development of high performance, high function, low-level software) -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads