Using digital chips as linear devices is best left to using them as oscillators in microprocessors. You will find that almost every micro has a single gate set up for exactly this use. trying to use them as general purpose linear devices is almost bound to produce tears of frustration as there is no temperature stabilization in the linear region, and no characterization of gain. It may even be that various characteristics of the active devices are chosen limit the ability to operate in the linear region, except where the gate is being built in as an oscillator. -- http://www.piclist.com#nomail Going offline? Don't AutoReply us! email listserv@mitvma.mit.edu with SET PICList DIGEST in the body