Hi, thank you for the explanations. Wrt '161 based address counters. I'd like to remind the complete sequence PRNG with minimal feedback as address counter. Due to the way it works it can go to 1/(2*Tprop) clock and I have used 74A(S?)273 (I think) with clock at 66 MHz and room to spare. This is even loadable if a hack is used (resistors to connect the stages and tristate buffer forcing over them to load). A 16 bit counter uses 2 x 273 and 1 XOR gate + 1 inverter if I'm not wrong. There is a reset problem but the 273 has a reset input so it's ok. I also used a 273 as a state counter in the same project. Propagating a bit through it with all the cells connected in series ;-). There is a neat VHDL implementation along these lines (address counter) FYI, and there is a table of feedback points in an appnote from Lattice or Altera I think. Of course the VHDL version is loadable. Peter