Nikolai, Thanks for that information, it was the best short-and-sweet explanation of IIR anf FIR filters I ever heard. I think too many people get lost in the theoretical mathematics which derive the IIR and FIR behaviors from the similar continuous time filters. Many university courses approach this from continuous time circuits, then Fourier series, then Fourier transforms, then sampling, then Z transforms, then digital filters. By that time many are confused! But you can also explain "backwards" by learning about sampling, then talk of averaging samples, (FIR, equal co-efficients, right?!) Then talk of weighted averages (FIR, unequal coefficients), and so on. Then go on to feedback and IIR techniques. This makes the practical digital techniques clear. Of course, understanding the design of a complex (or excellent) digital filter makes us get back to Z transforms some day. But it makes more sense to me when I remember to start at sampled data and averaging! ------------ Barry King, Engineering Manager NRG Systems "Measuring the Wind's Energy" www.nrgsystems.com Phone: 802-482-2255 FAX: 802-482-2272