Russell McMahon wrote: > Thermal noise is AC and each resistor's signal is "very" random so placing N > in series will not produce increased voltage as they are out of phase and > will largely cancel. That said, if you can get a rectifier that itself makes > less thermal noise and has a lower voltage drop than the resistor signal > them you should be able to add them. Quite some rectifier spec, > unfortunately :-). Agreeing with Russell, That is why I thought up the piezo-rectifier surface, the idea is to have good surface area, not volume. >(Sean said:) > >That is, if you can violate thermodynamics. It DOES seem to me that both > >this AND the piezo box would violate the requirement that, on average, > >objects don't spontaneously cool,giving up energy the the ambient > >environment. In fact,I thought that maxwell's demon did this as well. > >Maxwell's demon was supposed to select out molecules based on their energy > >WITHOUT itself using up any energy,right? The question I have here is what do you mean by "spontaneously" cool ? If you start bouncing a rubber ball in a container with a hard surface then it will rebound for considerably longer than if you were to repeat the experiment with a container lined with sponge. Now consider lining the container with solenoids (pin sprung to provide light inwards pressure), connect each solenoid to a power bus via fullwave bridge rectifier. On each impact of the ball with this customised surface there will be additional energy transfered from the ball's impact to the power bus. My Piezo surface is a much smaller and more practical equivalent of the above, by utilising molecular scale forces of heat energy such as shown to exist by Brownian motion, and by achieving this via gas or liquid contact we reduce abrasive forces and achieve a simple solid state device that is the molecular heat energy reciever equivalent of the photocell. regards, Graham -- Steam engines may be out of fashion, but when you consider that an internal combustion engine would require recovery of waste heat by transfer just before top dead centre then fashion becomes rather redundant, USE STRATIFIED HEAT EXCHANGERS ! and external combustion. You heard it first from: Graham Daniel, managing director of Electronic Product Enhancements. Phone NZ 04 387 4347, Fax NZ 04 3874348, Cellular NZ 021 954 196.