I don't know if we are still continuing this prepetual motion thread,but it occurred to me that one doesn't need a micro-machined piezo box to "extract" energy from the thermal motion of atoms. What about a simple resistor? Every resistor has a Johnson noise voltage present across it,and if you had a perfect rectifier (or could place MANY resistors in series to add up all the rms amplitudes of the noise),you should be able to rectify this and charge capacitors with it. That is, if you can violate thermodynamics. It DOES seem to me that both this AND the piezo box would violate the requirement that, on average, objects don't spontaneously cool,giving up energy the the ambient environment. In fact,I thought that maxwell's demon did this as well. Maxwell's demon was supposed to select out molecules based on their energy WITHOUT itself using up any energy,right? Sure, one can make a heat pump which requires energy (which the vortex tube is,right?) but AFAIK, no one has ever made a device to extract useful energy from thermal motion without using a cold sink, cooler than the source of heat. Sean | | Sean Breheny | Amateur Radio Callsign: KA3YXM | Electrical Engineering Student \--------------=---------------- Save lives, please look at http://www.all.org Personal page: http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/shb7 mailto:shb7@cornell.edu ICQ #: 3329174