Hello all: I've been developing a device which includes a piezo element driven differentially by two IO lines, no other components. It works great and draws very little power for so much sound. Too easy, I wonder? I've looked over past PICLIST discussions of driving piezo elements with the PIC (and have searched the web for other info as well to no avail), and have seen mention of a series resistor, annd occasionally external protection diodes. 1. Can anyone give me a nutshell explanation of why these elements might be neccessary? I understand that there is an average current at the given frequency, but is there also an instantaneous (or do I mean periodic? inrush?) current and/or voltage which I must consider as well (and which is dangerously higher)? 2. Can anyone recommend a source for additional reading to help reduce my ignorance? Thanks, Bruce Cannon Style Management Systems bcannon@jps.net http://www.jps.net/bcannon (510) 787-6870 1228 Ceres ST Crockett CA 94525 Remember: electronics is changing your world...for good!