As I see it the base-collector junction is forward biased, so you would expect to see the base sitting at about 0.7V positive wrt the collector (ground). There is also a diode equivalent between the base and emitter, which would normally drop 0.7V if conducting. The base is at 0.7V wrt ground, so I would expect to see 0V wrt ground at the emitter. I set up the circuit as described, and got something very similar: the base sits at 781mV, and the emitter (which is dangling in the air) has 2.5mV on it, as measured by my digital multimeter. The transistor I used was a 2N2222A. The only bit I'm puzzled about is why Russell said it appears to break the laws of physics. In my view, it is doing just what you'd expect. Is my set up behaving differently to his? Regards, Steve Thackery Suffolk, England. Web Site: http://www.btinternet.com/~stevethack/