Tom Handley wrote: > Gavin, while I'm no expert on pH probes, you are probably looking at an >impedance of 10^9 to 10^13 ohms. Analog Devices has an example pH probe Gavin, those numbers are probably 20 years old, todays ordinary pH probes fall into the 10^8 ohms class (the one I use is specified for 200 Mohms maximum internal impedance). OA with input bias current of several pA (like TL061...) will make at most few mV voltage drop. And since your pH probe is always calibrated with buffers, the same error is encountered during both the calibration and the measurement, so it actually cancels out. Althouhg OA featuring units of fA Ib current will also work, it will bring very little, maybe insignificant improvement. On the other hand, there could be special high impedance pH probes, for special purposes like high pressure, complicated shape, microprobes, for strongly alkaline solutions and I don't know what else. But you probably do not have any of these, do you ? If you could describe your circuit in better detail, I may be more helpful. Is it powered from a battery or from a wall socket ? What is the whole instrument connected to ? Josef ====================================================================== Electronical devices for chemical laboratory, custom electonics design ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Snail Instruments Josef Hanzal Vojanova 615 phone/fax: +420-311-24433 266 01 Beroun e-mail: euroclass@pha.pvtnet.cz Czech Republic URL: http://www.vitrum.cz/snail/ ======================================================================