See this site for a good explanation of Manchester and Differential Manchester coding. http://ppdbooks.pok.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/bookmgr.cmd/BOOKS/EZ306400/REVIS IONS Diff. Manchester has 2 big advantages: - less clock jitter - not polarity sensitive I'm still hunting for a source of good info on MFM and GCR. Eric Engler