After noticing just such discussion last month about using the PWM module on a PIC to adjust LCD contrast, I designed a program to do just that. The problem is that the voltage output from the PWM through my RC filter only works properly on the oscilloscope. There, it cycles nicely from 0 to 5v (although I get the impression that the upper ranges are largely useless). However, when I connect it to my LCD module (run by a Hitachi whatever-it-is), it only goes from 2v to 5v, leaving the displayed characters largely invisible throughout the range. The filter I am using is just an RC filter. I thought that since I want 0-5v, I could leave the op-amp off my integrator. Am I wrong? I guess this is more an electronics question than a PIC question; perhaps somebody could advise me whether this is [OT] or not. -tom p.s. I have consulted what I believe are all the relevant Microchip PWM AN's, but I still wonder why I can't leave off the op-amp. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- tomss at ids.net - 401-861-2831 - 42 Forge Rd, Potowomut, RI 02818 USA