I don't understand with this equation(from AN532): PID equation: Eu = Eu + u0; out = (kp*u0) + (ki*Eu) + (kd*(u0-u1)); the integral error is Eu = Eu + u0, means sum of error, what if the Eu is overflow and back to zero? is it OK? it means there is no integral(ki*Eu = 0). any other equation for PID? thanks f