In mail.pic you write: >> I am confused by this. Aren't PC power supplies transformerless? >> Why aren't they dangerous? >because they do have a transformer between the High Voltage section and >the outputs :) The feedback for the voltage regulator is also >insulated, either with a transformer or with an optocoupler. Oh that's right. They rectify the AC line to high voltage DC and then chop that at high frequency through a transformer that can be much smaller due to the higher frequency. I had forgotten. Thanks! -- Best regards, Andy Burgess aab@cichlid.com